It might be possible, but you would only be able to upgrade to another old, outdated cpu. The money and effort would be better spent toward a new laptop. Upgrading laptop cpus is a pain and can easily break things.
For PSUs, they either work or don't mostly. If a PSU is broken, it can cause weird system failures, but it would be pretty unusual for a PSU to cause the sort of performance problems you describe without completely crashing your system.
The missing RAM is probably the RAM that is devoted to...
Phones use a combined jack for both headphones and microphone. Many laptops don't have this combined jack. They use separate headphone and mic jacks or a single jack that can be only one or the other.
If you can find an enclosure and card that are mac compatible, it shouldn't matter. I don't think all macs use the same thunderbolt controllers though, so be careful that you get a dock and mac that can work together.
It's probably possible, but I'm not sure why you would want to. Both of the chips you list will have very similar or even identical performance. Changing a laptop CPU is a lot of work and it's easy to break parts.
Most high-end laptops (including the macbook pro) don't come with an optical drive. Some gaming laptops still do.
The easiest solution is to just use a usb DVD/Blu ray player. A usb DVD player only costs around $25.
I would recommend the 64 bit OS. That's the direction everything is moving. It will give you full compatibility with both 32bit and 64bit software. It may use a bit more memory, but the potentials to upgrade in the future and get better speeds are worth it.
There is no way to know for sure unless you can find someone who's taken one apart.
You may be able to find a similar model to get an idea of what is inside.
This looks very similar http://laptopmedia.com/highlights/inside-acer-aspire-e-15-e5-575g-disassembly-internal-photos-and-upgrade-options/...
Most (but not all) laptop power supplies accept a wide range of voltages (100-240). You can see right on the brick part of the power cord exactly what input voltage is acceptable.
If the included power supply doesn't support 240v, you can just buy the power supply locally that does. Get one...
No. Those upgrades might make things load faster, but they won't allow you to play at higher resolutions or settings. What you need if you want better settings is a better GPU. The only way to upgrade the GPU on a macbook pro is to buy a new laptop.
It sound to me like you have either misunderstood your friend or your friend is making stuff up. There are some devices that can cram an HDMI signal across a network cable (cat6), but they aren't as good as native HDMI. I've never heard of any that support hdmi 2 data rates. It might make sense...