@rayden54
4th Amendment States: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
I am no lawyer or anything, so just based on the above situation you gave: If the "phone's on the table next to me they can search it, but if it's in my pocket.." I am going to assume that you are in some sort of house, building or whatever. So the warrant would have to state, based only on the above wording, the place you are in AND state it can search any of its occupants.
However if you are just on the street or something and the police detain you and/or later arrest you then they clearly have to obtain the a warrant for you phone. The difference being; that in one case the police already obtained a search warrant prior to any action in which case the exact wording of the warrant would have to be looked at, the other case being that the police do not or did not get a warrant before hand.
The Supreme Court case of this articles seems to only address the searching of a persons cell without a warrant being issued prior to any action taken by the police.