There is no way to do as you are asking. Unless you had a tracking app on the phone, there is no way to locate it on your own.
You can try contacting your service provider/carrier. They may be able to get a general location if it is being used. They can also cut the service to it for you. However once stolen/lost it is gone.
The problem with that is most folks turn Location off to prevent Google tracking them and Spamming them with onscreen messages about shops to look at "where you are now", films to watch just down the road and hotels to stay at in that town.
Any data you allow Google to see are data which will come back to you one way or the other however you configure your system. The same now applies to Microsoft.