Google are for sure not going to tell everything they do, and how, in terms of user surveillance. And if not all code is open source, who knows what the code is doing.
Google's Privacy Policy is pretty explicit, they say “we track you and spy on you” although the words are a bit spiced up and the privacy policy is long on purpose so that most people won't bother reading it. Here's a spiced-up version of "we scan your mails"
With features like Priority Inbox, we work hard to help you sort through the unimportant messages that get in your way. We use a similar approach with ads. For example, if you’ve recently received a lot of messages about photography or cameras, a deal from a local camera store might be interesting.
Source:
https/support.google.com/mail/answer/6603?hl=en
All android code is not free software or open source.
There's some wrong terminology here, all Android code IS free and open source. However, the apps you describe (Gmail, Play store, etc), are not an integral part of Android, they are part of the “Google apps” and “Google Play services”. To sum it up, Android is open source, Google Apps and Google Play services are not.
However the Google Apps are bundled with most phones, along with some carrier specific (also closed source) apps. The phones running "pure" Android are a minority, and Cyanogenmod is one such "pure FOSS Android".
As you mentioned, Google has a business model around Android intended for profit, their main income is through "data mining", which they use to profile users and provide extremely relevant ads. even though that profit is not directly gained from Android, android is the platform. Therefore, Android is not “FOSS”, or, as Richard Stallman would have said: “Android is free as in free beer, not free as in freedom”.
Asogzx, thank you for your answer. Your approach is, that if you use cyanogen and only install open source apps that does not collect user info, settings may apply, then you have some amount of privacy? Or as a minimum, make user surveillance more difficult?
Phone-specific surveillance becomes nonexistent. You'll sleep in peace knowing that the little thing in your pocket is not transmitting your location to an ad network.
Packet sniffing and other problems inherent in the Internet itself and the Web will still be an issue (But those can also be solved using Tor, https, etc, Adblock, disabling 3rd party cookies, etc... however that's a different topic.)
I have read about Stallman and Applebaum, watched some videos, on youtube, another trade off. That has made me investigate about the tpm, closed hardware drivers, microcode. To understand the scale of the problem, is a task in itself. The phone's microcode may circumvent any effort to improve privacy by installing open source software, that is chosen because it is believed to not survey its user. The same may apply to pc computers.
Spying on you illegally through hardware backdoors is illegal. while the NSA might have done this on targeted attacks, a large company is very unlikely to do so on a large scale, because a discovery of that backdoor is possible and it would destroy the company. And because 99% of the users are being tracked legally anyways. Spying on you with your consent through Android is not illegal (because people agree to it while clicking “next” without reading the privacy policy).
Most companies probably won't take the risk.
Assuming there are no "silicon backdoors" (Which is a likely assumption), Cyanogenmod offers you extreme privacy because it's an entire replacement of the software and it never talks to any central server.
The most paranoiac way to look at it is this: 1. There are certainly software trackers in Android (the companies explicitly mention it in their privacy policies). 2. There is a slim chance of hardware trackers.
Conclusion:
if I use Android, software will track me for sure, hardware might track me, chance of being tracked: 100%
If I use Cyanogenmod, software will not track me, hardware might track me, but hardware tracking probably doesn't exist, chance of being tracked is much lower.
If there are indeed hardware backdoors, there isn't much we can do until someone invents an open-hardware phone.
(Firefox OS-based phones perhaps?)
As I said earlier, Google's spying is no secret, it's there in their privacy policy.
*Big note: I used "hardware tracking" as an umbrella term meaning "Anything that tracks you that isn't related to the OS and that cyanogenmod doesn't wipe out".
If I should want to use cyanogen, which phones would you recommend?
If you do find a good Open-Hardware phone, you should definitely go with that (and notify me about it!).
Otherwise, your first requirement is that the phone should be on Cyanogenmod's supported list:
http/wiki.cyanogenmod.org/w/Devices
Regarding hardware backdoors, if you're in a paranoia, your second filter would be choosing the company which was least affiliated with the NSA.
As a side note, if you really want to stay away from Google you might want to check out the upcoming Firefox OS. The Mozilla Foundation behind it is non-profit. If you want an Android but don't want a Google lens looking at you, go with Cyanogenmod