I realize this is an old post, but just in case others have the same issue...
I had this exact same thing happening. As soon as I would plug my laptop in the screen seemed to shut down. It worked fine as long as it wasn't plugged in. I searched and came upon this post, which didn't seem to have a solution.
In my case, as I searched through the power option settings, under "Choose when to turn off the display" the "Adjust plan brightness" sliding scale setting was all the way down to dark. I have no idea how this got adjusted to this setting, but as soon as I put the sliding scale back to the middle of the brightness range, saved, and plugged my computer back in the problem was solved.