There is no way to get anything off the phone itself. It is gone.
If you backed up or synced the original device to say a Google account, then you may be able to download it from said account. If not, and you didn't back up the information anywhere else, there is then no easy way to get it back. The info is gone.
That said, if you want to put in the work to do it, you can go to your bill (either printed or online) and locate the call and text history information. It won't give you names, but it will give you numbers, dates of calls/texts and times of calls/texts. You then may be able to ascertain what number belongs to what person.