You can get back original files in their non corrupted form with recovery programs, they are in the layer of the HDD.
How it works from my own experience is like this.
Pretend in theory you have a 10mb HDD. Pretend it's brand new, so you put 10mb worth of pictures on it. You then delete them, at this point if you use a recover program you can in fact get them back from the layer of the HDD.
But if you wait too long and put another different 10mb of pictures on there and then delete them, then the first batch you deleted is lost for good.
As far as these viruses and annoying things, the way I get around them is have a pretty basic and not too large HDD for my OS and the programs I install.
But I always store anything I have (software installation files, movies, music, documents etc) on a HDD that isn't part of the system and even store on flash drives and have them backed up.
What this enables is that if something screws up my OS then I can just do a clean reinstall and not lose anything important and just quickly reinstall my software I had on there before.
Consider that maybe. Since I find the more time goes by the more a computer will slowly become infested or even just become slower because of random things that aren't even virus related. Doing a clean install maybe every year is a good idea.