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Here's whay I found on surface noise :
Factors responsible for surface noise are
1. Surface roughness : filler (tends further to chip off. leaving holes
in the groove wall)
2. Welding and shearing of asperities (roughness, harshness)
3. The associated plastic deformation : microscale intermittency of
plastic flow : volumetric version of stick slip behaviour, slipping of
molecular aggregates from one position of equilibrium with their
neighbours to another, discontinuous motion on microscale.
4. Thermal agitation of cutting stylus
5. Lead screw vibration transmitted to cutting head
6. Vibration of stylus induced by frictional drag, stick slip motion
during sliding friction : each asperity (roughness) will first stick,
then progressively experience elastic deformation in shear produced by
the gross sliding motion, until finally the
shear stress becomes high enough to produce a slip either by rupturing
the asperity or by causing the adhering surfaces to separate.
Surface noise sources as mentioned under 1. 5. are physically present
in the groove, 4 and 5 are cut into the groove during cutting the
master lacquer. The cartridge makes no difference between audio and
such noise signals. The slip stick motion as described under 6.,
however, should not be transduced into output voltage. This depends on
the quality of cartridge
design.
[1] Barlow : Limiting factors in gramophone reproduction, Wireless
World, 1957, vol.63, p.228
[2] Hunt : On stylus wear and surface noise in phonograph playback
systems, JAES, 1955, Jan., p.2
To add : In general, the tape used during recording in studio or
concert hall is not used as source for cutting the master lacquer. The
reason is that the length of tape and what can be put on a record's
side have to be the same. Therefore, copies of 1st, 2nd or even 3rd
generation are used for the cutting process. Each analog tape copy adds
some 3 5 dB noise which, of
course, can be found back on the record.
LP wear of course can cause noise : In a study performed by Discwasher
in 1980 it has been found that the quality of the vinyl plays an
important role as far as sound quality is
concerned. In particular the filler material used is of great
importance, it seems that it has tendency to split off. Dust in the
groove is pushed and pounded into the groove wall, scouring and gouging
the wall.
Klaus