No, not unless it is a USB on one end and the charging plug on the other end. If you are talking USB to some other port on the tablet, then no.
You need to connect through the charging port to charge the device. If you lost or damaged the charger itself, then you will need to replace it with a new one.
Now if you damaged the charging port of the tablet, then you are going to have to have that replaced to be able to use it again.