Well the account is not specific to the phone. You can access it from any computer or phone, as long as you have the account id and password.
That said, the data will only be on the account if you had the account synced to the phone and updated it often. If not, the data that was on the physical phone, will not be on the google account.
Which, to be honest, you should access sooner rather than later, as it is completely possible that if you had the account actively open when the phone was swiped, that the other party could have already accessed, and possibly locked you out of, or even deleted all the contents of, your google account.