Well it depends. If you have it installed on an USB card it might. There are a lot of unknowns here.
First, if the USB flash drive is just a really slow poor performance drive then you might benefit from upgrading. You should download Crystal Disk Mark and do a test.
Also the type of port is important. There are USB 1.1, 2.0, and 3.0 ports common. 1.0 ports are rather rare, and 1.1 aren't super common but if your PC is a few years old it could be. There are speed limits on these, I don't know how slow 1.1 is, but USB 2.0 usually can't do more than 45Mbps, and 3.0 can do I think 300Mbps is the limit. Without the right flash drive, this won't help anyways, but trying a different port could possibly help.
Now to get to SD Cards. They are just as many unknowns. SD Card Readers usually are connected to the motherboard by USB, even in laptops they are hard wired as USB ports often. Typically USB 2.0.
The SD Cards have speed ratings from Class 1 - UHS-1. Its not as confusing as it sounds though.
Class 1 - 1Mbps
Class 2 - 2Mbps
Class 3 - 3Mbps
etc.
Class 10 - 10Mbps
UHS-1 - More than 10Mbps.
So it is actually more common an SD Card would be slower, but if you have a low performance USB drive that gets only around 10Mbps, and if you have the latest and fastest style of card reader in your laptop, SDXC, and if you buy an SD Card that has UHS-1 speed then yes it could potentially do up to twice as fast performance of the USB drive.
However, that is a lot if "if"s. If your USB drive even gets 20Mbps on the test, then it is doing as good as an SD card can possibly do and switching won't help.