Try these from a similar thread:
Try going into "Control Panel" and then click on "Hardware and Sound". Click on "device manager" under the devices and printers, right click on "Sound, video and game controllers". Then click "Scan for hardware changes". See if it will then register the device.
Have you checked to make sure that the jack you are using actually is for 'both' a microphone and speakers? Or is it possible it is only for speakers/headphones? If that is the case, you could try getting either a mic that works via USB or a connector to connect your mic to a USB port (which I am assuming the laptop has).
Courtesy of webworkings (updated for windows 10): http
/www.tomsguide.com/answers/id-3144832/laptop-default-mic-plugged-mic.html