Most likely, you're getting one of these BSOD errors:
UNMOUNTABLE_BOOT_VOLUME
NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM.
Even on a system set to automatically restart, you aren't getting a dump file if it's going that fast. Here is what I suggest:
When I boot from a USB Drive into Windows Setup, I don't an option to boot to Advanced Startup Options (Safe mode, etc). Without a specific code, there isn't a whole lot we can do. We do know it's not getting to the point where the Windows Volume is being initialized properly, so...
1. Get a phone or a camera. Preferably one that can film at 120 fps or higher. Just point it and film. You can upload it to YouTube as a private video (for me to download and look @) or use Windows Live Movie Maker and advance it frame-by-frame. This is just to get the error code to go by.
2. You can take a USB flash drive (~8GB but no less than 4) and find another working windows 10 computer. Open the start menu and search "Recovery Drive". boot from this newly-created USB drive and the advanced startup options for Safe Mode should be there. (this is not the same thing as a Windows Setup drive)